The greater effect coronavirus fears had on an individual, the more likely they were to:. The study showed that fear of the coronavirus influenced participants to engage in such rigid forms of thinking, and individuals who scored high on the polarization scale were less likely to detect misinformation and more likely to have poor problem-solving and analytical skills.
Participants in the study responded to an extensive online survey conducted during March and April of at the peak of the initial spread of the virus.
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The Thai government has declared an emergency since 26 March. A related Stipulation in Thai prohibits anyone from spreading false information about the Covid situation in Thailand, creating public fear, and from distorting information in a manner that could create misunderstanding leading to disturbances of public order or good morals. Violations of this prohibition trigger criminal liability entailing a fine or imprisonment under the Computer Crime Act or the Emergency Decree on Public Administration in Emergency Situations.
This comes in addition to existing anti-falsehood legislation in Sec. One claimed that an infected patient had died, another posted a video of a person collapsing in public, along with the apparently false information that Covid was the cause. Proof is not required. How a given number of recipients in fact think about or react to a piece of information is irrelevant.
When someone is killed by another, it is murder. In practice, it does not matter at all. This is hardly surprising as courts and executive authorities do not have the time and resources to conduct empirical studies or opinion polls to determine the public mood in response to specific statements.
Alas, this inherent problem of discursive crimes will remain unresolved. Courts will continue to assume and predict the course of events ex post facto , leading to the almost schizophrenic situation that, for instance, a public panic is likely in the abstract whereas the concrete ex-post evidence speaks to the contrary. To be sure, criminal law may indeed distinguish between abstract and concrete threats.
But the insistence on an abstract likelihood of a panic certainly becomes less and less convincing the longer this predicted panic refuses to materialize as the people, stubbornly, stay calm and go about their business. The law has been used several times since it came into effect in October. POFMA provides for various measures to prevent the communication of false statements. These include, inter alia , criminal liability, different forms of correction directions or the possibility to disable access to a certain online location.
Ministers are empowered to issue specified orders to protect the security of Singapore, public health, safety, tranquility or finances, international relations, presidential or parliamentary elections or referenda, peaceful relations between different groups, or the public confidence in the performance of the duties and functions of the state. An addressee of a direction under Part 3 of the Act can apply to the respective Minister to vary or cancel it.
If the Minister refuses, the addressee can appeal to the High Court Sec. It is particularly striking that the court may only set aside a direction on one of three grounds Sec. Thus, the key question whether any of the enumerated public interests was, at least abstractly, affected is not for the High Court to be reviewed.
Consequently, the competent Minister enjoys unfettered discretion in this regard. Several different approaches are discussed in much detail before the thus consolidated meaning is compared to existing governmental data. The pages judgment goes into great length to take the statement apart, analyze each of its elements, to come to the final verdict that it was false.
To be sure, the High Court is barred by law from making such assessment.
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