Ott, professor of sociology, Grand Valley State University The Anatomy of the Islamic Revolution in Iran is a book that should be studied in political science courses, in courses on the political history of the Middle East, Iranian history, American history, and courses on the inter-relationship of the East and West. Anatomy is also helpful for studying Soviet influence in Muslim lands and the ties between the Soviets and radical Islam. Ordinary citizens of every Western country should read this book.
Anyone with any type of political interaction with Iran should read and study this book as well. All Westerners involved in diplomacy with the Muslim world, and especially Iran, should also read this book. The text of the lectures on Velayat-e faqeeh was smuggled back to Iran by visitors who came to see the Khomeini in Najaf.
The most visible sign of the popularity of Ayatollah Khomeini in the pre-revolutionary years, above all at the heart of the religious institution in Qom, came in June on the anniversary of the uprising of 15 Khordad.
Students at the Feyziyeh madreseh began holding a demonstration within the confines of the building, and a sympathetic crowd assembled outside. Both gatherings continued for three days until they were attacked military forces, with numerous deaths resulting.
Ayatollah Khomeini reacted with a message in which he declared the events in Qom and similar disturbances elsewhere to be a sign of hope that "freedom and liberation from the bonds of imperialism" were at hand. The beginning of the revolution came indeed some two and a half years later. In January 7, when an article appeared in the semi-official newspaper Ittila'at attacking him in such terms as a traitor working together with foreign enemies of the country.
The next day a furious mass protest took place in Qom; it was suppressed by the security forces with heavy loss of life. This was the first in a series of popular confrontations that, gathering momentum throughout , soon turned into a vast revolutionary movement, demanding the overthrow of the Pahlavi regime and the installation of an Islamic government. Ayatollah Khomeini arrives in Tehran. He is received by officers of Royal Air Force Shah decided to seek the deportation of Ayatollah Khomeini from Iraq, the agreement of the Iraqi government was obtained at a meeting between the Iraqi and Iranian foreign ministers in New York, and on September 24, , the Khomeini's house in Najaf was surrounded by troops.
He was informed that his continued residence in Iraq was contingent on his abandoning political activity, a condition he rejected. On October 3, he left Iraq for Kuwait, but was refused entry at the border. After a period of hesitation in which Algeria, Lebanon and Syria were considered as possible destinations, Ayatollah Khomeini embarked for Paris. Once arrived in Paris, the Khomeini took up residence in the suburb of Neauphle-le-Chateau in a house that had been rented for him by Iranian exiles in France.
From now on the journalists from across the world now made their way to France, and the image and the words of the Ayatollah Khomeini soon became a daily feature in the world's media.
And on January 16, Shah left Iran. The Ayatollah Khomeini embarked on a chartered airliner of Air France on the evening of January 31 and arrived in Tehran the following morning.
He was welcomed by a very popular joy. On February 5, he introduced Mehdi Bazargan as interim prime minister yet Bakhtiyar was appointed prime minister of Shah. Ayatollah Khomeini's last years On February 10, Ayatollah Khomeini ordered that the curfew should be defied. In the late s, huge demonstrations and strikes rocked cities in Iran. The middle class, merchants, and members of the military joined the poor and the extremely religious in calling upon the Shah to give up his rule.
The Shah finally fled to the West. Khomeini took over the government. Khomeini worked to remake Iran along his own religious vision in which the clergy governed the state. The family claimed to be descendents of the Prophet Muhammad. Both brothers were avid religious scholars like their forefathers, and both attained the status of Ayatollah, which is given only to Shi'ite scholars of the highest knowledge.
As a young boy, Khomeini was lively, strong, and good at sports. He was even considered the leapfrog champion of his village and the surrounding area. Far from being dedicated only to games, though, Khomeini was also an intellectual. He was known for his great ability at memorizing both religious and classical poetry, and also excelled at his studies at the local maktab, a school dedicated to teaching the Qu'ran.
Because of his scholarly success, Khomeini's older brother decided to send him to the city of Arak or Sultanabad in There, Khomeini studied with the renowned Islamic scholar Yazdi Ha'iri. Ha'iri left Arak for the city of Qom in , and Khomeini followed. There, he committed all of his efforts to furthering his own religious studies while also becoming a teacher for younger students at Ha'iri's school.
When Ha'iri died in the s, the Ayatollah Boroujerdi succeeded him as the most important Islamic figure in Qom. As a result, Boroujerdi gained Khomeini as a follower.
It is interesting to note that both Ha'iri and Boroujerdi believed that religion should not involve itself with government affairs. So, while the leader of Iran, Reza Shah, weakened the powers of religious leaders and promoted a more secularized country, the most powerful religious figures in Iran remained silent and encouraged their followers to do the same. One of those who were muted by the beliefs of the senior religious leaders was Khomeini. Unable to speak out against what he saw as a country leaving its Islamic roots and values behind, Khomeini turned his efforts toward teaching.
He began to cultivate a group of dedicated pupils who became his staunchest supporters during his days as an Islamic revolutionary. On March 31, , Ayatollah Boroujerdi died and Khomeini was in a position to take up the mantle left by the late religious leader. After publishing his writings on Islamic science and doctrines, many Shi'ite Iranians began to see Khomeini as Marja-e Taqlid a person to be imitated. In , Khomeini began protesting the intentions of the Shah in earnest.
His first act of defiance was to organize the ulama religious leaders against a proposed law of the Shah's that would effectively end the requirement for elected officials to be sworn in on the Qu'ran. This action was just the beginning in a long string of events that would change Iranian politics forever. In June , Khomeini made a speech suggesting that if the Shah did not change the political direction of Iran, the populace would be happy to see him leave the country.
As a result, Khomeini was arrested and held in prison. During his incarceration, people took to the streets with cries for his release, and were met by the government with military force.
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