Media conglomerates strive for policies that facilitate control of markets across the globe. Advertising regulation refers to the laws and rules defining ways products can be advertised in a particular region. These rules can define a wide number of different aspects, including placement, timing and content. There are increasing efforts to regulate the content and influence of advertising. For example, the complete ban of advertising to children under 12 imposed by the Swedish government in Atlanta, Ga.
Notice the cross-shaped color registration marks near the bottom center and top center. The women who modeled for this artwork was Hilda Clark. Though that regulation continues for broadcasts originating within the country, it has been weakened by the European Court of Justice, which found that Sweden was obliged to accept foreign programming.
During the s, there were attempts to ban billboard advertising in the open countryside. Journalism ethics and standards describe the principles of ethics and good practice journalists adopt in response to specific challenges. These basic codes and canons commonly appear in statements drafted by professional journalism associations and individual print, broadcast, and online news organizations. While various existing codes have some differences, most share common elements: notably, the principles of truthfulness, accuracy, objectivity, impartiality, fairness and public accountability as they apply to the acquisition of newsworthy information and its subsequent dissemination to the public.
Codes of journalism are designed to guide journalists through numerous ethical challenges, such as conflict of interest. The codes and canons provide journalists with a framework for self-monitoring and self-correction. A conflict of interest occurs when a single individual or organization adopts multiple interests, one of which could potentially corrupt the incentive to pursue another.
The United States and Europe have typically been considered pioneers in the formulation and adoption of these standards, though similar codes can be found in nearly any country that enjoys freedom of the press.
While the written codes and practical standards of journalism vary somewhat from country to country and organization to organization, they tend to overlap substantially between mainstream publications and societies.
In accordance with the accuracy and standards for factual reporting, reporters are expected to be as accurate as possible given the time allotted and the space available for story preparation, and to seek only reliable sources.
In addition, events with a single eyewitness are to be reported with attribution. Events with two or more independent eyewitnesses may be reported as facts. Controversial facts are reported with attribution. Moreover, independent fact-checking by another employee of the publisher is desirable. A fact checker is the person who checks factual assertions in non-fictional text usually intended for publication in a periodical to determine their veracity and correctness.
The job requires general, wide-ranging knowledge and the ability to conduct quick and accurate research. During the normal course of an assignment, a reporter might go about a variety of tasks— gathering facts and details, conducting interviews, doing research, background checks, taking photos, videotaping, recording sound.
Harm limitation addresses the question of whether all information gathered should be reported, and if so, how. This principle of limitation creates a practical and ethical dilemma by acknowledging that some attention must be given to the negative consequences of full disclosure.
Ethical standards should not be confused with the common standards of quality of presentation. News style is the prose style used for news reporting in media such as newspapers, radio and television.
News style requires not only a unique vocabulary and sentence structure, but also a particular manner of presentation— the situational importance of tone and intended audience, for instance. News writing attempts to answer every basic question about a particular event— who, what, when, where, why and often how— at the opening of the article. Inverted Pyramid : The Inverted Pyramid. This story can be trimmed from the bottom without losing important details.
A regulation is a legal provision that creates, limits, or constrains a right, creates or limits a duty, or allocates a responsibility. Regulation can take many forms: legal restrictions promulgated by a government authority, contractual obligations that bind many parties, self-regulation by an industry such as through a trade association, social regulation, co-regulation, or market regulation. Or should they act pre-emptively? Governments will inevitably get more engaged in oversight.
However, we believe that platforms should become more aggressive at self-regulation now. To explore the feasibility of self-regulation, we researched the history of self-regulation before and after the widespread adoption of the internet.
Before the internet era, several industries, such as movies, video games, broadcasting content, television advertising, and computerized airline reservation systems, faced similar issues and managed to self-regulate with some success.
At the same time, these historical examples suggest that self-regulation worked best when there were credible threats of government regulation.
The bottom line: Self-regulation may be the key to avoiding a potential tragedy of the commons scenario for digital platforms. This refers to the steps companies or industry associations take to preempt or supplement governmental rules and guidelines. To keep regulators at bay, the movie and video games industries resorted to a self-imposed and self-monitored rating system, still in operation today.
The broadcasting and advertisement sectors in the s and s faced pushback on the appropriateness of advertisements, with issues resembling what we see today in online advertising. Self-regulation in these cases often delivered effective and inexpensive guidelines for company operations as well as forestalled more intrusive government intervention. First, our leading technology companies need to anticipate when government regulation is likely to become a key factor in their businesses.
In movies, radio and television broadcasting, airline reservations via computers, and other new industries, there often occurs a vacuum in regulation in the early years. To avoid problematic government regulation, platform companies need to introduce their own controls on behavior and usage before the government revokes all Section protections, which is currently under debate in Congress.
Technology that exploits big data, artificial intelligence, and machine learning, with some human editing, will increasingly give digital platforms the ability to curate what happens on their platforms. The issue is really to what extent the big platforms have the will to self-regulate. The decisions by Facebook, Twitter, Amazon, Apple, and Google during the first week in January were steps in the right direction. Second, we find that firms in new industries tend to eschew self-regulation when the perceived costs imply a significant reduction in revenues or profits.
If bad behavior undermines consumer trust, then digital platforms will not continue to thrive. Look closely at Section Executives and company lawyers should have felt comfortable making reasonable curation decisions under Section However, they generally resisted and argued that their legal and political positions would be more secure if they avoided potentially controversial curation.
With the establishment of Prasar Bharati Act, the radio broadcasting became free from government control and later AIR also became an autonomous body without government control.
There are ranges of different types of private broadcasters from big Multinational Corporation to small local FM stations. All private broadcasters usually earn a huge profit. As radio was almost used by every household the government in approved the establishment of private FM radio stations. Film industry of India is completely free and independent.
The filmmakers are free to make the film as they want. But the distribution networks of films are controlled by the government. The main task of CBFC is to regulate the public exhibition of films in theatre by giving certificates and not to do censorship of the contents under the provision of Cinematography Act, The board currently issues four certificates. The certificates are:. The board may also refuse to certify a film.
In the recent case of Phantom Film Pvt. The Bombay High Court examined each of the deletions proposed by the CBFC, and held that the film cannot be objectionable merely due to depiction of the use or sale of drugs in a particular state and because of the political references therein and opined that the story must be viewed in its entirety.
National Film Development Corporation NFDC was established in with the task of promoting good cinema, to produce and finance films, and overseas distribution of films. As OTT platforms are not regulated by any statutory body it enjoys ample amount of freedom and displays content with all sought of vulgarity.
But in the recent time OTT platforms like Hotstar, Voot, Netflix, Amazon prime etc have considered self regulation of online content through voluntary code specifically for language, violence and sex. Media is a powerful means for spirited democracy.
The basic principles of democracy are that the media should enjoy more freedom and face less restriction from the government. With the growing time the media has to play the role of a regulator to the government and safeguard democracy itself. It is correct that sometimes the media is biased and might even feed us factually incorrect stories. But, controlling the media will only make the situation worse where agencies try to please the government.
On the other hand, in a free and competitive environment, there is less chance that prejudice will survive for a long time. States can impose certain restrictions and there are certain laws which regulate the functioning of the media in India. Students of Lawsikho courses regularly produce writing assignments and work on practical exercises as a part of their coursework and develop themselves in real-life practical skill.
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