The four major types are:. Anything that affects the flow of blood through your body can cause shock. Some causes of shock include:. There are four major types of shock, each of which can be caused by a number of different events.
A pulmonary embolism is one condition that may cause an interruption to blood flow. Conditions that can cause a buildup of air or fluid in the chest cavity can also lead to obstructive shock. These include:. Damage to your heart can decrease the blood flow to your body, leading to cardiogenic shock. Common causes of cardiogenic shock include:. Conditions that cause your blood vessels to lose their tone can cause distributive shock. When your blood vessels lose their tone, they can become so open and floppy that not enough blood pressure supplies your organs.
Distributive shock can result in symptoms including:. Anaphylactic shock is a complication of a severe allergic reaction known as anaphylaxis. Allergic reactions occur when your body mistakenly treats a harmless substance as harmful. This triggers a dangerous immune response. Anaphylaxis is usually caused by allergic reactions to food, insect venom, medications, or latex. Septic shock is another form of distributive shock. Sepsis , also known as blood poisoning, is a condition caused by infections that lead to bacteria entering your bloodstream.
Septic shock occurs when bacteria and their toxins cause serious damage to tissues or organs in your body. Neurogenic shock is caused by damage to the central nervous system, usually a spinal cord injury. This causes blood vessels to dilate, and the skin may feel warm and flushed. The heart rate slows, and blood pressure drops very low. Shock may result from trauma, heatstroke, blood loss, an allergic reaction, severe infection, poisoning, severe burns or other causes.
When a person is in shock, his or her organs aren't getting enough blood or oxygen. If untreated, this can lead to permanent organ damage or even death. If you suspect a person is in shock, call or your local emergency number. Then immediately take the following steps:. There is a problem with information submitted for this request. Sign up for free, and stay up-to-date on research advancements, health tips and current health topics, like COVID, plus expert advice on managing your health.
Error Email field is required. As many 1 in 5 people in shock will die from it. Shock is often associated with heavy external or internal bleeding from a serious injury. Spinal injuries can also cause shock. Toxic shock syndrome is an example of a type of shock from an infection. A person in shock has extremely low blood pressure. Depending on the specific cause and type of shock, symptoms will include one or more of the following:.
Call or the local emergency number any time a person has symptoms of shock. Stay with the person and follow the first aid steps until medical help arrives. Learn ways to prevent heart disease , falls, injuries, dehydration , and other causes of shock.
If you have a known allergy for example, to insect bites or stings , carry an epinephrine pen. Manage any obvious signs of external bleeding. For example, firmly press a clean cloth or pad against a wound to stop blood loss. If blood seeps through and soaks the cloth, do not remove it. Add another cloth or pad over the top of the first one. If the second cloth or pad gets soaked, remove and replace that one with another clean cloth or pad.
Continue maintaining firm pressure against the wound. Raise the bleeding injured limb if possible. Do not give the person anything to eat or drink, even if they are very thirsty. Reassure the person and encourage them to rest or stay still. Stay with them until the ambulance arrives. Please note that these suggestions are not a substitute for first aid training.
Refer to the Where to get help section of this fact sheet for organisations that offer first aid courses. Your training may save a life. Diagnosis of shock In all cases of medical shock, treatment aims to restore the blood circulation and manage or prevent complications.
When the person reaches the emergency department of the nearest hospital, medical staff will often make efforts to secure their airway and boost their blood circulation, before diagnosing the cause of shock. In some cases such as stab wounds, severe burns or traumatic amputation , the cause of shock is obvious.
Tests may involve: Blood tests X-rays Ultrasound, computed tomography CT scan or magnetic resonance imaging MRI to check for internal bleeding Other tests, depending on the type of shock suspected — for example, diagnosis of cardiogenic shock may need an electrocardiogram ECG.
In severe cases, the person may need a blood transfusion. Internal or external wounds may need surgery Cardiogenic shock — boosting blood volume with intravenous fluids.
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